Necrosis

Coagulative necrosis is a form of necrosis in which the underlying tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days (Fig. 1–9). The affected tissues take on a firm texture. Presumably the injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes, thereby blocking the proteolysis of the dead cells; as a result, eosinophilic, anucleate cells may persist for days or weeks. Leukocytes are recruited

Mood Disorder

Mood can be defined as a pervasive and sustained emotion or feeling tone that influences a person’s behavior and colors his or her perception of being in the world. Disorders of mood—sometimes called affective disorders—make up an important category of psychiatric illness consisting of depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and other disorders, which are discussed in this section and in the section that follows.

Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells resulting in increase in the size of the organ. In contrast, hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in cell number because of proliferation of differentiated cells and replacement by tissue stem cells. Stated another way, in pure hypertrophy there are no new cells, just bigger cells containing increased amounts of structural proteins and

Albinism

Albinism is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin.

Insomnia

Insomnia is a persistent disorder that can make it hard to fall asleep, hard to stay asleep or both, despite the opportunity for adequate sleep. Many adults experience insomnia at some point, but some people have long-term (chronic) insomnia. Insomnia may be the primary problem, or it may be secondary due to other causes, such as a disease or medication.

Kleptomania

The essential feature of kleptomania is a recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects not needed for personal use or for monetary value. The objects taken are often given away, returned surreptitiously, or kept and hidden. Persons with kleptomania usually have the money to pay for the objects they impulsively steal.

Hemophilia

Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process. This bleeding can damage organs and tissues and may be life threatening.

The two main types of hemophilia are hemophilia A (also known as classic hemophilia or factor VIII deficiency) and hemophilia B (also known as Christmas disease or factor IX deficiency).

Leukocyte

White blood cell, also called leukocyte or white corpuscle, a cellular component of the blood that lacks hemoglobin, has anucleus, is capable of motility, and defends the body against infection and disease by ingesting foreign materials and cellular debris, by destroying infectious agents and cancer cells, or by producing antibodies.

Erythrocyte

The structure and composition of red blood cells reflects their highly specialized function: to deliver the maximum quantity of oxygen possible to tissues and aid in the removal carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, and urea. The interior of a red blood cell contains a massive concentration of hemoglobin, roughly one-third by weight (30-34 g/dL for an adult). This

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance that causes clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning. If a slight physical anomaly is actually present, the person’s concern with the anomaly is excessive and bothersome.