Gangguan Anxietas

Anxiety Disorders

The section on anxiety disorders includes nine specific disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, specic phobia, social anxiety disorder or social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder caused by a general medical condition, and substance-induced anxiety disorder) in which anxious symptoms are a prominent feature of the clinical picture. Because separation anxiety disorder and selective
mutism occur in childhood, they are discussed in the childhood disorders section of this book.

Panic Disorder.

A panic attack is characterized by feelings of intense fear or terror that come on suddenly in situations when there is nothing to fear. It is accompanied by heart racing or pounding, chest pain, shortness of breath or choking, dizziness, trembling or shaking, feeling faint or lightheaded, sweating, and nausea.

Agoraphobia. 

Agoraphobia is a frequent consequence of panic disorder, although it can occur in the absence of panic attacks. Persons with agoraphobia avoid (or try to avoid) situations that they think might trigger a panic attack (or panic-like symptoms) or situations from which they think escape might be difficult if they have a panic attack.

Specific Phobia.

Specific phobia is characterized by an excessive, unreasonable fear of specific objects or situations that almost always occurs on exposure to the feared stimulus. The phobic stimulus is avoided, or, when not avoided, the individual feels severely anxious or uncomfortable.

Social Anxiety Disorder or Social Phobia.

Social phobia is characterized by the fear of being embarrassed or humiliated in front of others. Similar to specific phobia, the phobic stimuli are avoided, or, when not avoided, the individual feels severely anxious and uncomfortable. When the phobic stimuli include most social situations, then it is specified as generalized social phobia.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by chronic excessive worry that occurs more days than not and is difficult to control. The worry is associated with symptoms, such as concentration problems, insomnia, muscle tension, irritability, and physical restlessness, and causes clinically significant distress or impairment.

Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition.

Anxiety disorder caused by a general medical condition is diagnosed when evidence indicates that significant anxiety is the direct consequence of a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).

Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder.

Substance-induced anxiety disorder is diagnosed when the cause of the anxiety is a substance (e.g., cocaine) or is the result of a medication (e.g., cortisol).

Separation Anxiety Disorder.

Separation anxiety disorder occurs in children and is characterized by excessive anxiety about separating from home or attachment figures beyond that expected for the child’s developmental level.

Selective Mutism. Selective mutism is characterized by a persistent refusal to speak in specific situations despite the demonstration of speaking ability in other situations.